Типы данных MySQL
Тип данных столбца определяет, какое значение может содержать столбец: целое, символьное, денежное, дата и время, двоичное и т. д.
Типы данных MySQL (версия 8.0)
Каждый столбец в таблице базы данных должен иметь имя и тип данных.
Разработчик SQL должен решить, какой тип данных будет храниться в каждом столбце при создании таблицы. Тип данных является ориентиром для SQL, чтобы понять, какой тип данных ожидается внутри каждого столбца, а также определяет, как SQL будет взаимодействовать с хранимыми данными.
В MySQL есть три основных типа данных: строковые, числовые и дата и время.
Строковые типы данных
| Data type | Description |
|---|---|
| CHAR(size) | A FIXED length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The size parameter specifies the column length in characters - can be from 0 to 255. Default is 1 |
| VARCHAR(size) | A VARIABLE length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The size parameter specifies the maximum column length in characters - can be from 0 to 65535 |
| BINARY(size) | Equal to CHAR(), but stores binary byte strings. The size parameter specifies the column length in bytes. Default is 1 |
| VARBINARY(size) | Equal to VARCHAR(), but stores binary byte strings. The size parameter specifies the maximum column length in bytes. |
| TINYBLOB | For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Max length: 255 bytes |
| TINYTEXT | Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters |
| TEXT(size) | Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 bytes |
| BLOB(size) | For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 65,535 bytes of data |
| MEDIUMTEXT | Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215 characters |
| MEDIUMBLOB | For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 16,777,215 bytes of data |
| LONGTEXT | Holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 characters |
| LONGBLOB | For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 4,294,967,295 bytes of data |
| ENUM(val1, val2, val3, ...) | A string object that can have only one value, chosen from a list of possible values. You can list up to 65535 values in an ENUM list. If a value is inserted that is not in the list, a blank value will be inserted. The values are sorted in the order you enter them |
| SET(val1, val2, val3, ...) | A string object that can have 0 or more values, chosen from a list of possible values. You can list up to 64 values in a SET list |
Числовые типы данных
| Data type | Description |
|---|---|
| BIT(size) | A bit-value type. The number of bits per value is specified in size. The size parameter can hold a value from 1 to 64. The default value for size is 1. |
| TINYINT(size) | A very small integer. Signed range is from -128 to 127. Unsigned range is from 0 to 255. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| BOOL | Zero is considered as false, nonzero values are considered as true. |
| BOOLEAN | Equal to BOOL |
| SMALLINT(size) | A small integer. Signed range is from -32768 to 32767. Unsigned range is from 0 to 65535. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| MEDIUMINT(size) | A medium integer. Signed range is from -8388608 to 8388607. Unsigned range is from 0 to 16777215. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| INT(size) | A medium integer. Signed range is from -2147483648 to 2147483647. Unsigned range is from 0 to 4294967295. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| INTEGER(size) | Equal to INT(size) |
| BIGINT(size) | A large integer. Signed range is from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. Unsigned range is from 0 to 18446744073709551615. The size parameter specifies the maximum display width (which is 255) |
| FLOAT(size, d) | A floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter. This syntax is deprecated in MySQL 8.0.17, and it will be removed in future MySQL versions |
| FLOAT(p) | A floating point number. MySQL uses the p value to determine whether to use FLOAT or DOUBLE for the resulting data type. If p is from 0 to 24, the data type becomes FLOAT(). If p is from 25 to 53, the data type becomes DOUBLE() |
| DOUBLE(size, d) | A normal-size floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter |
| DOUBLE PRECISION(size, d) | |
| DECIMAL(size, d) | An exact fixed-point number. The total number of digits is specified in size. The number of digits after the decimal point is specified in the d parameter. The maximum number for size is 65. The maximum number for d is 30. The default value for size is 10. The default value for d is 0. |
| DEC(size, d) | Equal to DECIMAL(size,d) |
Примечание. Все числовые типы данных могут иметь дополнительную опцию: UNSIGNED или ZEROFILL. Если вы добавите параметр UNSIGNED, MySQL запретит отрицательные значения для столбца. Если вы добавите параметр ZEROFILL, MySQL автоматически добавит к столбцу атрибут UNSIGNED.
Типы данных даты и времени
| Data type | Description |
|---|---|
| DATE | A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD. The supported range is from '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31' |
| DATETIME(fsp) | A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. Adding DEFAULT and ON UPDATE in the column definition to get automatic initialization and updating to the current date and time |
| TIMESTAMP(fsp) | A timestamp. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the number of seconds since the Unix epoch ('1970-01-01 00:00:00' UTC). Format: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-09 03:14:07' UTC. Automatic initialization and updating to the current date and time can be specified using DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP in the column definition |
| TIME(fsp) | A time. Format: hh:mm:ss. The supported range is from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59' |
| YEAR | A year in four-digit format. Values allowed in four-digit format: 1901 to 2155, and 0000. MySQL 8.0 does not support year in two-digit format. |